Duty and desire in Jane Eyre Essay Example

Duty and desire in Jane Eyre Paper How is the conflict between duty and desire explored in these texts? Desire is a term conveying a longing for a certain object, person or outcome. It is an emotion from the heart and is unaffected by social opinion. Duty, in contrast, is a moral obligation to an act, which is perceived to be selfless. The decisions made regarding these emotions are significant throughout Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea. However, these definitions were more extreme during the time that Bronti and Rhys texts were written. In the 19th century, it was considered a completely selfish act for women to show desire, it was a vulgar emotion that women were expected to control and conceal. The female role during the 1800s was limited; they were expected to be passive and were passed from father to husband, similar to a possession. To perform ones duty to society was regarded as an unspoken rule imposed on all women, therefore, women never truly had the chance to express their true identity or gain real independence. The 19th century conflict between duty and desire was a key topic written about by many authors, predominately women, who illustrated personal experiences and beliefs through the characters and their decisions. In both Brontes and Rhys novels the authors illustrate the limitations imposed on women, societys views and expectations concerning the conflict, and the importance of finding the balance between the duty and desire. The life path of women living in the 19th century was largely dictated by Victorian society and was limited both in its direction and expression of individuality. We will write a custom essay sample on Duty and desire in Jane Eyre specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Duty and desire in Jane Eyre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Duty and desire in Jane Eyre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Victorian women were forced to conform to the ideologies of patriarchal society and so duties were imposed on them; many of which repressed their desire. In Jane Eyre, though Janes character is very passionate, she adheres to the Victorian morality, in which passion and emotion were kept concealed. Jane learns to become dutiful and to control her passion at Lowood and through the preaching of Helen Burns. However, Bronti shows recognition of the female struggle through Janes character, who recognises that Millions are condemned to a stiller doom, acknowledging the oppression felt by women across the nation. In the same paragraph Jane expresses the general female opinion stating women who are supposed to be very calm feel just the way men feel, that women too need exercise of faculties and when this is not given, like men would, they suffer from too rigid a restraint. In this section Bronte employs challenging and political language, such as revolt, rebellions and the consistent mention of restraint to portray the powerful struggle Victorian women experienced. Bronti experienced the same struggle when trying to publish her novel. She realised that it would be impossible for a woman to publish such a controversial book as Jane Eyre in the patriarchal society she was living in. Therefore, she felt obliged to publish under the pseudonym of Currel Bell. In contrast to Jane, the character of Antoinette in Wide Sargasso Sea is extremely passive. Antoinette losses all sense of self by allowing society, (Rochester), to compress her desires and so she becomes completely dependent on others. Rochester symbolizes patriarchal society when he imposes an entirely new identity on Antoinette, by renaming her Bertha. Her lack of self is illustrated when she realises she will have no one to depend on; what will be come of me? . To this Christophine replies Get up, girl Woman must have spunks to live in this wicked world. Rhys choice of language is significant; Get up, must, shows that Christophine is a strong woman who is able to give an order, symbolizing the power of women within the patriarchal society. Christophine describes the world as wicked and believes this is because it seems to be ruled by oppressing, hypocritical men. This adjective allows Rhy to portray her view of 19th century society and allows the reader to feel empathy for women living during this time. When reading Wide Sargasso Sea, Bront , and the reader would agree with and admire Christophines view. Here also, parallels can be seen between Jane and Christophine, who are both portrayed as strong independent women. The contrast between Antoinettes and Janes characters emphasises Janes moral courage and enhances the readers admiration for her character. During the 1800s female desire was viewed by the patriarchal society as evil. This is highlighted in Jane Eyre when Jane, as child, is forbidden from expressing herself. Janes instinct for asserting herself was stifled, at a young age and so could only be expressed through defiance. Mrs Reed symbolizes societys view of female passion by likening Janes traits to those of the devil and this is reiterated by Bessie who describes Janes passion as wickedness. After acting out Jane is given time in the red room to reflect, here she compares herself to a rebel slave and she realises that she had acted as if poisoned, illustrating that Jane is starting to comprehend Mrs Reeds narrow minded view. Helen Burns describes to Jane the evil consequences that result from not being dutiful and says the bible teaches us to return good for evil. Through the opinions of Bessie and Helen Burns, Bronti interestingly portrays how societys view on desire had become ingrained within the female consciousness and how Jane may feel betrayed by other female characters. The view that desire may be linked with the devil is explored in Wide Sargasso Sea as Rochester often describes Bertha like a devil with uncombed hair and eyes which were inflamed. It is suggested that because Antoinette, gives in completely to desire, Rochester is no longer able to understand her and so imposes a new identity, stating Bertha Mason is mad. This is reinforced when Christophine provides an explanation for Antoinettes mothers madness; they tell her she is mad, as though an identity has been forced upon her. Rhys illustrates that society found it impossible to accept a female who did not fit the social paradigm of a perfect woman and in doing so, the reader dislikes Rochester and sympathises with Antoinette.

Free Essays on The Road To Hell Is Paved With Good Intentions

for generations to come. Theological implications aside, the proverb, â€Å"the road to hell is paved with good intentions†, clearly admonishes that good intentions do not guarantee morally acceptable actions. A dramatic illustration of the wisdom of this proverb is perhaps seen best in the issue of assisted suicide. The motivation, or intent, of assisting in the suicide of another who is afflicted with pain, derives f... Free Essays on The Road To Hell Is Paved With Good Intentions Free Essays on The Road To Hell Is Paved With Good Intentions The Road to Hell is Paved With Good Intentions â€Å"The road to hell is paved with good intentions† has taken on many variations throughout the centuries, and is claimed by many authors as their own, but the essence of this English proverb reaches across generations, and yet retains its meaning, to parallel the lives and situations of all who use it today. Perhaps Samuel Johnson was most credited with a modified version of this proverb, when he was quoted in James Boswell’s biography Life of Johnson, as saying â€Å"hell is paved with good intentions†, but he was elaborating on the words of others, they were not his own. As early as the 12th century, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, 1091-1153 A.D., was quoted saying, â€Å"hell is paved with good intentions or desires†, and in Notes Theological, political, and Miscellaneous written by Samuel Taylor-Coleridge, he attributes the saying to Richard Baxter, 1615-1691 A.D. Although this saying has been coined as an English proverb, history traces another v ersion to old Portugal that says, â€Å"hell is paved with good intentions, and roofed with lost opportunities.† The saying itself has taken on a life of its own, that has evolved into its most modern transformation, and has even been described by Richard Chenevix Trench in his Lessons in Proverbs, 1851, as â€Å"perhaps the Queen of all proverbs.† Although this phrase was born hundreds and hundreds of years ago, today the meaning applies to any number of relevant situations that perpetuate the life of these words for generations to come. Theological implications aside, the proverb, â€Å"the road to hell is paved with good intentions†, clearly admonishes that good intentions do not guarantee morally acceptable actions. A dramatic illustration of the wisdom of this proverb is perhaps seen best in the issue of assisted suicide. The motivation, or intent, of assisting in the suicide of another who is afflicted with pain, derives f...

Brave New World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Brave New World - Essay Example The novel details the community as cemented through stability in its beliefs and cultures, which guide the thinking in the world. This is a utopian perspective, with abstract goals that the world hopes to meet through its defined identity. There is allusion of the Christian religion that the text alleges contributes to the identity of any society, giving it meaning and means by which they can derive their guidance. However, this religion mobilizes people to achieve unity and meaning of togetherness through sexual orgy. This is indeed supported by the postulation that no person in the society is supposed to live or act in solitude. The subject of identity is viewed as the backbone of genetic engineering, where the various classes of the society are divided in such a way that cloning can be used to derive the required genes or characters in human beings. Indeed, the characters mostly identify the subject of stability, whose craving desire to achieve this state make bio-engineers design ways that would see the same kind of individuals produced in the world without any distinctions. This would help reduce conflicts between people and choke the community’s dynamism. The book explores the theme of fictional science as the driver in the society and its control over the world. Indeed, the author explores this theme in the way that seeks to show that the advancement of science has profound effects on humanity. In retrospect, the novel focuses on the looming dangers of advancement in biological and physiological science to humanity in the way that it is supposed to lead to social identity. In this theme, it is plausible to state that science has come of age, with the knowledge in genetics been advanced and profound. Their manipulation of DNA and RNA has enabled scientists to determine the inheritable characteristics as well as the course of human reproduction and inheritance. The author seeks to expound on the subject when he refers to the upcoming world

Reed market case analyze Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reed market analyze - Case Study Example The new items on display at DG seem to be compatible with the technological trends within the market of such goods. However, Reed has not yet considered this option and is still also doing business the old way despite many suggestions posed by management. The other problem lies in the level of customer loyalty. The level of loyal customers keep going down and the supermarket has lacked the capacity and means to retain attracted customers since it does not have a well thought out procedure for ensuring that customers who come shopping actually keep coming whenever a shopping need arises. This could also be attributed to the fact that many retail chains have sprung up and are offering better services. The growth of private label merchants seem to give Reed a big headache considering that it mainly depended on the branded items which now find little appreciation within the market. This is one of the tools that new entrants into the market are trying to implement successfully. The consumers in this locality and whole of America have become health conscious and would not go for the traditionally sold goods which are thought to affect their health status. Reed has not implemented a food retail store that caters for the changing food needs of its customers while other chains are doing so. The pricing model for Reed seems to get it in trouble since it happens to have higher prices as compared to Aldi and DG, which is actually reducing the sales of Reed. This issue has also been compounded by the fact that Reed is poorly located and access by many customers is limited as compared to other stores. The above issues and more to be identified have made it hard for Reed to keep its shares growing and instead they keep dwindling (Quelch and Carlson1-12). The 14% market share held by Reed in Columbus is not enough. If it could adjust and find new ways of doing business,

Portfolio Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Portfolio Analysis - Essay Example The hospital is recognized for several services including Geriatrics, women services, emergency services, plastic surgery, substance abuse, vascular surgery, ambulatory surgery and Oncology (Sultz, 2008). This paper is going to carry out a portfolio analysis of some of the products and services in Johns Hopkins Hospital in an effort to gauge the market position of the hospital in relation to its share market and also determine the service and products rate growth. Profitable concerns in the hospital indicate that portfolio analyses are better applicable when portfolio matrixes are used as they put into consideration profit dimensions. Such profitable dimensions are measured in terms of low or high profitability in relation to either negative or positive flow of cash or invested capital returns (Sultz, 2008). Portfolio Analysis Portfolio Analysis categorize products and services of an organization into several categories with the help of graphic matrix so as to bring out the differenc es among services and products of particular organization in relation to their growth rate in the market and the market share relativity. The categories include; stars, problem children and children and cash cows. Market share relativity in this analysis is viewed as being the market share occupied by the biggest rival of an organization in comparison with the market share of other organizations that fall under the same category of services and products. To determine the growth rate, the changes in gross patient services levels of revenue are measured or at times the service or population growth. The classification is in terms of low, high and medium and this is reached at by comparing the figures of such services and products to those of the national health care growth, alternative investments and prime rates (McMillan, 2011). Stars The services and products offered by the Hospital which fall under this category include; Geriatrics, oncology and women's services. These services are under this category because they have proved to have a market growth that is high as well as high market shares. The profits realized from such services are also high. These are products and services that Johns Hopkins Hospital makes the most of and gains a lot from in most situations. However, as a result of the services and products being highly profitable, most competing hospitals have settled for the same services. Such competitions put the hospital in a situation where it has to practice aggressive enhancement on these services and develop them from time to time (McMillan, 2011). This at times poses a challenge due to the difficulties in market development considering the already existing market share which is very high. This puts the hospital in another situation where it has to seek additional strategies such as related diversification and vertical integration. Thus Geriatrics, oncology and women's services happen to be the most profitable service and products offered by the hospital but still offer a number of challenges. These products stand out as representing the hospital’s best opportunities in the long-run for gaining profits and growth (Emge, 1982). Problem Children Serves offered by these hospital and fall under this category include Ambulatory Surgery, emergency services and neurosurgery. These services qualify to be in this category as they occupy market share positions that are relatively low but still manage to compete in markets whose growths are high. Such services put the hospital

Impacts of Salt on Water Resources

Impacts of Salt on Water Resources Introduction. Salinity, one of the major water crises occurring around the globe, is the high concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS), such as sodium and chlorine, in soils and water (Rose, 2004). Salinity is a critical and prevalent problem affecting Australia, threatening the Australian natural environment and the sustainability of productive agricultural areas (Bridgman, Dragovish, Dodson, 2008; McDowell, 2008). This can be attributed to naturally high saline levels in the soils (McDowell, 2008; Pannell, 2001). Across the globe, in countries such as in America, Iran, Pakistan, India and China, large concentrations of salt have accumulated over time due to rainfall, rock weathering, sea water intrusion and aerosol deposits (Table 1) (Beresford et al., 2001; HÃ ¼lsebusch et al., 2007). Dryland salinity, a form of secondary salinity, has particularly become a major problem worldwide (Beresford et al., 2001). Annually, approximately four million hectares of global farmland is abandoned due to excessive salt (Beresford et al., 2001). Salinity is a widespread problem with numerous major social, economic and environmental consequences (Beresford et al., 2001). Outline This paper will consider the occurrence and impacts of primary and secondary salinity on water resources. The discussion will commence by focusing on primary salinity, its occurrence and associated impacts using an example from the Lake Eyre Basin, Australia. The next part of the essay will discuss secondary salinity, its occurrence and impacts using examples from Katanning Western Australia (WA) and Turkey. Iran and Pakistan will then be examined as examples showing the occurrence and impacts of both primary and secondary salinity. Finally the impacts of salinity will be identified and the main arguments of this account summarised. Discussion Primary Salinity Primary salinity is a natural process that affects soils and waters and occurs generally in regions of the world where rainfall is insufficient to leach salts from the soil and evaporation or transpiration is high (McDowell, 2008). In episodes of high evaporation, transpiration and reduced rainfall, salinity becomes a problem as the volume of water decreases while salt concentrations increase (Bridgman, Dragovish, Dodson, 2008). Approximately 1000 million hectares, which corresponds to seven per cent of the worlds total land area, is affected to some extent by salt (Rose, 2004). The majority of the globes saline affected land is influence by primary salinity resulting from natural soil evolution (HÃ ¼lsebusch et al., 2007). Arid tropical areas, in particular, are subject to potential evaporation that is higher than rainfall, which leads to the rising of water to the topsoil where solutes accumulate and salinity can occur naturally (HÃ ¼lsebusch et al., 2007). Australias arid and s emi-arid areas usually have salt present in the groundwater (Table 2) (Bridgman, Dragovish, Dodson, 2008). For example, the River Darling becomes saline during harsh drought periods and salinity concentrations increase in the Hunter Valley when flow diminishes (Bridgman, Dragovish, Dodson, 2008). Lake Eyre Basin, South Australia The Lake Eyre Basin (LEB), in central Australia, is a largely flat area dominated by semi-arid to arid environmental conditions (Figure 1) (McMahon et al., 2008). The area encounters high evaporation rates and spatially and temporally highly variable rainfall (Kingsford Porter, 1993). Year round, potential evaporation is usually greater than actual evaporation with average yearly Class A pan evaporation rates of 3300 millimetres (mm) (Costelloe et al., 2008). Average yearly rainfall in the LEB ranges from less than 200mm in some areas, up to 700mm in others, with an annual coefficient of variability spanning from 0.2 to 0.7 (McMahon et al., 2008). Hydrological conditions in the LEB can vary between prolonged periods of 18 to24 months of no flow, to shorter phases where inundation of slow-moving floods can occur (Costelloe et al., 2008). The portioning of the stable isotopes of water such as d16O/ d18O can be utilised to determine whether evaporation (enriching/fractionation occurs) or transpiration (no fractionation) occurs (Costelloe et al., 2008). In Lake Eyre, the water is sodium and chlorine ion dominated with salinity varying from approximately 25 300 mg L-1 and 272 800 mg L-1 (Kingsford Porter, 1993). The absence of invertebrates and waterbirds in Lake Eyre is thought to be due to salinity from increased evaporation during the dry months (Kingsford Porter, 1993). This salinity is also said to be responsible for massive fish kills that occur as the lake dries after a flood period (Kingsford Porter, 1993). Samples taken in the LEB showed that there was greater enrichment of the isotopic signatures of the surface water than the groundwater samples, a product of high rates of evaporation (Costelloe et al., 2008). The Diamantina River catchment, a major contributor of streamflow to Lake Eyre, was found to have hypersaline, 85,000 mg L-1 [Cl], residual pools in the channel, with a highly enriched isotopic signature, indicating evaporation (Costelloe et al., 2008). The Neales River catchment in the LEB demonstrated extremely saline groundwater (71,000 mg L-1 [Cl]) and hypersaline residual pools of 130,000-150,000 mg L-1 [Cl] (Costelloe et al., 2008). Secondary Salinity Secondary salinity is caused by man made changes to the hydrological cycle either through the replacement of native vegetation with shallow-rooted vegetation or through the excessive use or inefficient distribution of water in irrigation for agriculture (Beresford et al., 2001; Rose, 2004). Modern anthropogenic land-use practices are increasing the area of salt-affected land, which is a major environmental issue (Bridgman, Dragovish, Dodson, 2008). Estimates of secondary salinity affecting the globe are suggested at around 74 million hectares, with 43 million hectares of that land occurring on irrigated land and the remaining area on non-irrigated land (Rose, 2004). In Australia, areas of the Murray Basin and the Mallee region in Victoria (VIC) and New South Wales (NSW) are affected by dryland and irrigation salinity, while irrigation salinity impacts the Riverina Plain in VIC and NSW and the Riverland Region in South Australia (Beresford et al., 2001). Dryland Salinity Dryland salinity is the resultant change in subsurface hydrology in which native vegetation with deeper roots are replaced by shallow-rooted vegetation, such as agricultural crops (Rose, 2004). This process causes a decrease in annual evaporation and an increase in the amount of water reaching the water table (Bridgman, Dragovish, Dodson, 2008). The proceeding rise in the amount of water available can then lead to saline water reaching the soil surface and vegetation (Rose, 2004). When this saline water intersects or reaches the surface, waterlogging and salinization of the surface soil can occur due to the accumulation of salts (Rose, 2004). There is an estimated lag time of 30 to 50 years between vegetation clearance and the emergence of salinity (Bridgman, Dragovish, Dodson, 2008). Around a third of the areas in Australia that are susceptible to dryland salinity are expected to become saline (Figure 2) (Rose, 2004). Dryland salinity has impacted North and South Dakota in Norther n America and the Canadian Western Prairies due to large scale wheat farming in which there is now increasing loss of productivity and rising death rates in a variety of wildlife (Beresford et al., 2001). India, Thailand, Argentina, and South Africa are some of the other countries that experience problems with dryland salinity (Pannell Ewing, 2006). Katanning District, WA In the Katanning district, extensive clearing of native vegetation has lead to the area being reported as having one of the worst salinity problems in WA (Beresford et al., 2001). The town is located in a low, flat part of the landscape, and is agriculturally centred on crops, such as wheat and canola, and sheep (Figure 3) (Beresford et al., 2001). The initial perennial vegetation, mainly of Mallee associations, has been removed and replaced with the aforementioned crops (Bridgman, Dragovish, Dodson, 2008). Following 1891, there was increased wheat cultivation in the district and land clearing (Beresford et al., 2001). In the early 1900s, the increase of salt in nearby natural water sources was quickly linked to the clearing of native vegetation (Beresford et al., 2001). In 2000, records of the Katanning Creek Catchment showed that only 1000 hectares of remnant vegetation remained translating to less than 10 per cent of the catchment being covered (Beresford et al., 2001). It was al so discovered in 2000 that 125 hectares of land neighbouring the town boundary was salt affected, the water table was less than one metre from the surface in some areas and older infrastructure were showing evidence of salt-induced decay (Beresford et al., 2001). Groundwater under the township is influenced by the subsurface flow from catchments where extensive land clearing has occurred (Beresford et al., 2001). Dryland salinity in Australia will continue to increase unless farming systems are dramatically altered on a large scale (Rose, 2004). Irrigation Salinity The application of irrigation can increase salinity levels in soil water, surface water systems and/or aquifers (Van Weert, Van der Gun, Reckman, 2009). Irrigation can also raise water tables, lead to waterlogging, and cause evaporation directly from the water table, increasing solute concentration in the soil (Van Weert, Van der Gun, Reckman, 2009). Around the world, the greater part of anthropogenic salinity is associated with irrigated rather than non-irrigated land (Bridgman, Dragovish, Dodson, 2008). A higher amount of land in Australia that is non-irrigated, rather than irrigated, however, is salt-affected (Pannell Ewing, 2006). Bridgman, Dragovish, Dodson (2008) stated that irrigated areas that have their water table within two metres of the soil surface are salinized. Agriculture, in which irrigation systems are utilized, is especially prone to salinization with approximately half of the irrigation systems globally affected by salinization, alkalization or waterlogging ( Munns, 2002). Countries particularly affected by irrigation salinity include Egypt, China, Pakistan, Iran, India, and Argentina (HÃ ¼lsebusch et al., 2007). Sanliurfa-Harran Plain Turkey Turkey faces salinity problems due to large-scale and intensive irrigation, such as in the Harran Plain (Van Weert, Van der Gun, Reckman, 2009). Only 25 percent, or 19.3 million hectares, of Turkeys land surface is usable for agricultural practices, three percent of which is affected by salinity (Atis, 2006). The main source of soil salinity has resulted from the adverse effects of irrigation water, leading to the formation of high water tables resulting in decreased agricultural productivity and income (Atis, 2006). The Sanliurfa-Harran Plain region is located in an arid and semi-arid climate (Kendirli, Cakmak, Ucar, 2005). In this area, high levels of total dissolved solids have emerged in the shallow groundwater due to excessive and uncontrolled irrigation, waterlogging, rising water tables, and drainage problems (Van Weert, Van der Gun, Reckman, 2009). Prior to the implementation of irrigation in the central and southern parts of the Harran Plain, salinity and drainage problem s already existed, which were then exacerbated when irrigation was applied (Table 3) (Kendirli, Cakmak, Ucar, 2005). It was estimated over fifty percent of productive agricultural land in the Akcakale Groundwater Irrigations area of the Harran Plain was becoming saline after irrigation, some 5000 hectares (Kendirli, Cakmak, Ucar, 2005). In the towns of Harran and Akcakale, within the Sanliurfa-Harran Plain, increased salinity problems and high saline and sodium soils were attributed to public irrigation (Kendirli, Cakmak, Ucar, 2005). Within the Sanliurfa-Harran Plain, over 29 percent of soils examined were becoming saline following irrigation (Kendirli, Cakmak, Ucar, 2005). Combined Salinity In Iran and Pakistan, the salinization of land resources is a major problem due to a combination of primary salinity and secondary salinity (Kahlown et al., 2003; Qadir, Qureshi, Cheraghi, 2008). Thirty per cent of Irans irrigated area and 26.2 per cent of Pakistans are severely affected by irrigation salinity, much of which may need abandoning (Kendirli, Cakmak, Ucar, 2005; HÃ ¼lsebusch et al., 2007). Iran and Pakistan mainly endure arid and semi-arid environmental conditions (Kahlown et al., 2003; Qadir, Qureshi, Cheraghi, 2008). Annually, rainfall nationally averages 250mm in Iran, while average yearly potential evaporation is extremely high, varying from 700mm to over 4000mm (Qadir, Qureshi, Cheraghi, 2008). Approximately 34 million hectares in Iran are salt-affected (Qadir, Qureshi, Cheraghi, 2008). In the northern area of Iran, slight to moderate salt-affected soils exist, where as highly saline soils are present in the central areas (Figure 4) (Qadir, Qureshi, Cheraghi, 2008). Primary salinity in Iran is a result of a combination of factors including: the geological composition of the soils parent material, such as halite and gypsum, natural salinization of surface waters due to stream salinity, salinity and the expansion of salinity from wind-borne origins, seawater intrusion, low rainfall and high potential evapotranspiration (Qadir, Qureshi, Cheraghi, 2008). Secondary salinity has been a result of: irrigation with saline waters, deficient drainage, unsustainable groundwater pumping, saline aquifer over-exploitation, excessive irrigation and overgrazing (Qadir, Qureshi, Cheraghi, 2008). Some 4.2 million hectares in Pakistan are severely affected by irrigation salinity (HÃ ¼lsebusch et al., 2007). Salinization of soils and water in Pakistan are a result of: natural climatic characteristics, such as high evaporation, geological conditions and the dissolution of salt bearing strata, waterlogging, intensive irrigation, poor drainage, salinity ing ress, inefficient irrigation and inappropriate use of low quality groundwater (Kahlown et al., 2003; Van Weert, Van der Gun, Reckman, 2009). Widespread soil and water salinization in Iran and Pakistan has occurred due to varied combinations of these factors (Kahlown et al., 2003; Qadir, Qureshi, Cheraghi, 2008). Impacts Salinity can cause tree die back, changes in ecosystems, loss of productive lands, salt bush growth, erosion, saline groundwater discharge and saline surface water (Beresford et al., 2001; Bridgman, Dragovish, Dodson, 2008). The groundwater that rises as a result of dryland salinity can contain relatively high amounts of salts which results in saline seepages emerging where the water table intersects the ground surface (Bridgman, Dragovish, Dodson, 2008). If concentrations of sodium ions are high enough, the physical structure of soils may be completely degraded from salinity (McDowell, 2008). This is due to the collapse of soil aggregates and deflocculation of clay particles; compaction then occurs and causes decreased permeability and porosity which restricts water storage as well as slowing internal drainage (McDowell, 2008). Salinity can result in the deterioration of river and stream quality, for example, in the Murray Darling River system in SA, the town of Morgans water qual ity is expected to exceed the desirable drinking limit of 500 mg L 1 total soluble salts within the next ninety years (Pannell Ewing, 2006). Concentrated salt-affected water can move to surface water systems, infiltrate below the root zone or may reach an aquifer and contribute to a progressive increase in salinity of groundwater, decreasing the water quality (Van Weert, Van der Gun, Reckman, 2009). There can be a greater risk of large-scale water quality problems due to an increase in leakage of saline waters from the impacted region (McDowell, 2008). Increased flood risks have also been identified as an impact of dryland salinity as a result of shallower water tables which can lead to at least a two-fold increase in flood flows (Pannell Ewing, 2006). Conclusions Salinity is a major problem throughout the world, particularly in arid and semi-arid environmental climates. Primary salinity is a natural phenomenon that affects soils and waters in periods of high evaporation, transpiration, and low rainfall. This process occurs notably in Australia, as well as many other countries, such as Iran and Pakistan. Secondary salinity is human induced from either land clearing or irrigation. Numerous countries experience dryland salinity, such as North America, India, Canada, Thailand, Argentina, and South Africa, as well as Australia. Countries that are affected by irrigation salinity include Egypt, Australia, China, Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, India, and Argentina. Generally, salinity causes a decrease in the quality of water resources and can lead to a decrease in quantity, if the water table has risen substantially as a result, and increased evaporation occurs. References Atis, E 2006, Economic impacts on cotton production due to land degradation in the Gediz Delta, Turkey, Land Use Policy, 26, pp. 181 186. Beresford, Q, Bekle, H, Phillips, H, Mulcock, J 2001, The Salinity Crisis: Landscapes, Communities and Politics, University of Western Australia Press, Crawley. Bridgman, H, Dragovish, D, Dodson, J 2008, The Australian Physical Environment, Oxford University Press, USA. Costelloe, JF, Payne, E, Woodrow, IE, Irvine, EC, Western, AW, Leaney, FW 2008, Water sources accessed by arid zone riparian trees in highly saline environments, Australia, Oecologia, 156, pp. 43 52. HÃ ¼lsebusch, C, Wichern, F, Hemann, H, Wolff, P (eds.) 2007, Organic agriculture in the Tropics and Subtropics Current status and perspectives Supplement No. 9 to the Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics, Kassel University Press, Germany. Kahlown, MA, Chang, MC, Ashraf, M, Hassan, MS 2003, Salt Affected Soils and their Reclamation: Research Report 4, Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, Islamabad. Kendirli, B, Cakmak, B, Ucar, Y 2005, Salinity in the Southeastern Anatolia Project (Gap), Turkey: Issues and Options, Irrigation and Drainage, 54, pp. 115 122. Kingsford, RT, Porter, JL 1993, Waterbirds of Lake Eyre, Australia, Biological Conservation, 65, pp. 141 151. McDowell, RW (ed.) 2008, Environmental Impacts of Pasture-Based Farming, CAB International, Oxfordshire. McMahon, TA, Murphy, RE, Peel, MC, Costelloe, JF, Chiew, FHS 2008, Understanding the surface hydrology of the Lake Eyre Basin: Part 1-Rainfall, Journal of Arid Environments, 72, 1853 -1868. Munns, R 2002, Comparative physiology of salt and water stress, Plant, Cell and Environment, 25, pp. 239 250. Pannell, DJ, Ewing, MA 2006, Managing Secondary Dryland Salinity: Options and Challenges, Agricultural Water Management, 80, pp. 41 56. Qadir, M, Qureshi, AS, Cheraghi, SAM 2008, Extent and Characterisation of Salt-Affected Soils in Iran and Strategies for their Amelioration and Management, Land Degradation Development, 19, pp. 214 227. Rose, C 2004, An Introduction to the Environmental Physics of Soil, Water and Watersheds, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Van Weert, F, Van der Gun, J, Reckman, J 2009, Global Overview of Saline Groundwater Occurrence and Genesis, International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre, Utrecht.

An Analysis of William Gibsons Idoru Essay -- Gibson Idoru Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Gibson's Idoru is a novel thick with implications and extrapolations related to the oncoming and (present) age of electronic para-reality. Stylistically, it is far from perfect, but in theme it has a firm grasp on the concept of the simulacra as it mimics, masks and replaces reality.    Gibson's characters are rarely paintings of great depth. While I would strongly disagree with the assertion that they are archetypes cut out from a mold, I would still note that they are not particularly rich or personal. This probably derives from the author's style of writing which is the radical end of the spectrum of "showing, not telling," so that we are shown the characters' pasts, physical status, and present situations, and as readers we are to intuit the logical psychological conditions associated with those factors. Gibson has rich situations, not rich characters.    That's why I find it so strange that the New York Times Book Review wrote, "Chia is one of [Gibson's] most winning creations." I fail to understand the logic. It's as though, by making her young and in a strange situation, we're to develop an instant affinity for her. Now obviously, Gibson himself is not the one to decree that his characters are strong or weak. So it is not a flaw on the part of his writing when a reader attributes an archetype to one of his characters, but I would tend to think that, by design or simple lack of skill, Gibson writes his characters a little flat. (Which, in the context of a discussion of simulacra, makes it all the more amusingly ironic that book reviewers would attribute what they would call a "hidden" level to the quality of the writing not otherwise apparent.)    Another stylistic tool Gibson employed wa... ...and eventually defines reality? It was a simply computer, just like Idoru was simply a novel. Yet the seashells in the make of that case serve to create a fantasy as readily and importantly as the words on paper serve to create a reality (and, paradoxically, the reality in which those seashells existed.) Simply because each is not real does not disrupt the validity of their creations, for if that were true, then the seashells would never have existed in the first place, even in our minds.    Gibson understands this closely, and Idoru does an excellent job of illustrating it. While not technically perfect, it is effective, and creates an image which is useful for us to learn from.    Works Cited and Consulted:    Gibson, William. Neuromancer. (Ace Books: New York 1984)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   _____, Idoru. (Berkeley Books: New York 1996)   

How can sociologists explain the improvement in the educational performance of girls?

It is widely argued that gender influences achievement. Sociologists have noticed a difference in the level of achievement in boys and girls under sixteen. Studies show boys do not perform as well as girls in standard subjects in school, girls are now overtaking boys at a higher-level standard. Sociologists noticed this when they saw A' level results and GCSE results, however Post-16 girls tend to drop out of science and technology despite doing better than boys at GCSE. Boys' early literacy skills are markedly lower than girls. Although sociologists agree that there is a definite ‘gender gap' between males and female under sixteen, it is not just a simple case of ‘boys doing badly, girls doing well'. The relationship between gender and achievement is much more complex; problems have arose within the area of ‘the gender gap', it is not the same in all subjects – boys perform slightly better in GCSE maths than girls. It can not be applied to all levels of education, particularly university where the dropout rate is higher amongst girls; social class and gender affect it. A variety of reasons have been suggested for the difference between male and females in relation to achievement. Sociologists have attempted to explain firstly why females out perform males in most subjects under the age of sixteen and secondly why females are less likely to enter higher education (post 16 education) despite the fact that female school leavers tend to be better qualified than male ones. It has been suggested that females out perform males because of the following facts, educational policies to help girls over the past twenty years has seen attempts to improve the academic performance of girls. Coursework favours girls – course work in many subjects has helped to improve the academic standards of many girls. Girls have higher career aspirations; there is now a greater range of role models in society than in earlier years. In the 1970s Sue Sharpe wrote a book called â€Å"Just like a girl† in which she writes that most women then wanted to get married and have children. They did not see the point in staying on at school. There were very few jobs for women in the earlier years – only office jobs, nursing, teaching etc. However in today's' society womens' attitudes towards education have changed. More girls now want to attend college and university. There are a wider range of careers for women these days – fire fighters, business, design etc. The idea of marriage has become less popular. As there are more job opportunities for girls these days, they need qualifications therefore they need to work harder. There are poorer employment prospects for men in regard to the changes in the traditional male manual work. Male overconfidence in their own abilities causes unrealistic high expectations. Anti-school culture makes boys vulnerable to acting out the ‘men behaving badly' role, which in turn places little emphasis on education. Boys are more likely to not do their homework and go out with their friends, than girls. Boys find it more difficult to stay in and do their work as they might be worried that their friends will think that they are not ‘cool'. Girls tend to be more mature. Male literacy problems- it is a fact that boys read and write less than girls. Boys are more interested in their computer games where as girls are more likely to read books. This will help them with their school work. Labelling- teachers are more likely to label boys negatively and create a self-fulfilling prophecy of educational failure. Teachers more likely to think boys are more disruptive than girls therefore do not give them as much help. Therefore they are more likely to fail the subject. Also the parental expectations of their children differ, boys are expected to be tougher and more boisterous, girls tend to be quieter and neater. They are encouraged to play different games and are given different toys therefore this creates the basis for differences in interests and attitudes. Curriculum differences – there are two levels the ordinary and the hidden curriculum. Although schools have to offer girls and boys equal access to all courses, we can see that differences emerge. In the past girls were less likely to choose science or computer courses, (it has to be noted that this may not always be the case, especially in more modern times) they were more likely to take home economics, modern languages, social studies and secretarial courses, it is quite normal for ‘male' subjects of CDT to be on the timetable at the same time as the domestic science and the office skills subjects, therefore the official curriculum varies by gender. However these days girls cannot drop out of science and maths. They also take more subjects that boys would take and they have to so GCSE coursework. This helps girls because they are better organised. The hidden curriculum; this is the way that certain ideas and values of the teachers, other pupils and the wider society penetrate through the school. This is not part of the official school lessons. In the past some sociologists argued that as a result of attitudes shown by both parents and teachers girls learn to underachieve. By this they mean that sex stereotyping occurred in which teachers (and parents) knew what sorts of jobs girls do, and have been traditionally successful in, and they then gear girls to follow courses which lead to careers in these areas. It has been suggested that the main reason why girls perform differently in the educational system from boys is mainly due to the way society and the media creates ‘gender roles' which stress how males and females ought to behave. Magazines and television advertisements portray male and females in different ways making us feel that we have to act like them. There are clear gender roles expected of girls, e. g. to be feminine, to want to marry and to have children and to follow only a relatively narrow range of occupations in nursing and office work, etc. These views are strengthened by the media, which also portray women as sex symbols, nurses or housewives. Sociologists also found that girls were rarely portrayed as the central character and rarely showed initiative. Boys were far more often shown as the central character and tended to engage in more exciting activities. However girls today want independence, they do not want to be second class citizens. Leisure – When girls have time they like to gossip and have a â€Å"chat. † Therefore girls communicate better. This means that girls have better communication and educational skills than boys. In conclusion it is clear that girls are doing better but it is not the whole story because achievement affected by other factors cannot be ignored. These other factors are class and ethnicity.

5 Awesome Things You Can Do Right Now with Blurb.com

5 Awesome Things You Can Do Right Now with Blurb.com Blurb is a self-publishing and marketing platform that allows for amateurs and professionals alike to publish professional quality printed magazines, books, and eBooks. The site was founded by Eileen Gittins in 2005 as a way for individuals to affordably and simply publish books of their own design. She personally desired for a way to publish her own photography in a professionally bound book.Over the next decade the company expanded to provide a variety of services and tools for artists and writers to publish their works. In 2008 the site won a Webby Award for Best Services website and then in 2010 was ranked #47 in the Inc. 500 list of fastest-growing U.S. companies. It also earned the honor of ranking #1 in the media category and among the top five fastest-growing companies led by women. In 2018 Rix Kramlich was appointed Chief Executive Officer bringing his experience from his roles in Macromedia, i2 Technologies, and ABB.The site allows for users to design and create their own p hoto books, trade books, magazines, or eBooks. The user can design their own material or use Blurbs book publishing software, Bookwright. The software allows for the user to design their own product and easily submit a document that Blurb can then publish and prepare for sale.The site also provides information and tools for the user to sell their creations either through Blurbs website or through online distributors, such as Amazon, Ingram, and Apple iBooks store. Blurb promotes itself as a one-stop-shop that aids the user in every step of the way from creating the product to printing and selling. The user only needs to bring their ideas and creativity.The site also provides a series of articles that can inform the reader on a variety of subjects. The blog section is organized under three main topics: book-making, selling, and inspiration. It is tempting to go step by step through all of the awe-inspiring ideas included in the site, but rather than ruining your own exploration throu gh all of the information, I will highlight five awesome things you can do on Blurb.Blurb provides information and tools for the user to sell their creations either through Blurbs website or through online distributors, such as Amazon and Ingram.1. Be a better writerWriters block can get the best of any of us. Blurbs blog has several suggestions that can help you jump start your writing process. In the sites writing section, none of the articles are very long, but each of them provides suggestions to help you find a topic and get writing. You can also explore reviews of different apps that can help you focus and organize your work.Under the inspiration section, you can find articles on how different artists and writers created their projects and learn about what inspired them, such as the interview with childrens book author Megan Roy. She talks about her inspirations and what led her to make her own book on Blurb.Another article I really enjoy is Five great ways to combat writers b lock. The author outlines simple ways to get writing. One, just start writing. I like this advice. I use it with my students all the time. Sit down and write. It does not need to be good. It does not need to make sense. Just get words on paper. Two, pretend youre writing for yourself. This one is strange but works. Ignore any specific audience. Just write to you. You can always edit later to match a specific audience. Three, make sure it isnt something else. This one takes some self-reflection, but make sure there is not something else going on in your life that is keeping you from writing. Four, give yourself some space. Dont put too much pressure on yourself. Sometimes sitting and thinking or meditating is a critical part of the writing process. Take a walk or bake cookies. Just be careful you are not using those activities to procrastinate. There is a fine line between taking a mental break and just wasting time. Five, break it into smaller tasks. Focus on one task at a time.I wr ote my dissertation 500 words at a time. Every day I wrote 500 words, and then changed tasks- either edited another section or analyzed some data or even read a book. I felt comfortable writing 500 words. Again, it did not need to be the most perfect 500 words- just 500 words I actually wrote that day. I finished a 300+ page dissertation over time. Dont worry about the whole project at once. Break it down.2. Learn to take a better photoBlurb began as a way for Eileen Gittins to publish her own photography. Throughout the site are lots of tips and advice on how to better your own skills in photography. The topics range from social media photos to taking photos worthy of an art studio. The advice is written in a manner that someone with no or limited knowledge could understand and begin the process of making photography a serious hobby or possibly a career. I particularly enjoyed the essays on the history of photography, which takes the reader on a journey from the invention of film t o Instagram. This section of the site has the most information, which is not surprising considering Blurbs beginnings.3. Promote yourselfOne of the other more developed areas of the site is the section on Promoting and Marketing. The authors help the reader understand the many different ways to promote your own work through self-publishing. The articles range from using Amazon and eBooks to effectively promoting yourself online. I particularly liked the suggestions for using writing communities to help you write and promote yourself as you begin to create your work. By having someone help you be accountable for your writing, people tend to write more and more effectively. I used writing communities all the time during my graduate school years. I am even planning one for this summer to work on another project. By creating a community around yourself, you build a network which builds your own confidence. Your community can help you create more and promote your completed projects.4. Fi nd inspirationThe site as a whole is built to help you find inspiration in your own creativity. There are articles on finding ideas if you need help getting an idea going. There are many interviews and profiles of writers and artists throughout the site that discuss their artistic journey. The scope of the topics covered will allow almost anyone to find something that interests them. Plus, you might find a tip that helps you begin your own passion project. I particularly enjoyed the article From Idea to Book. The author maps out the process from idea to published work. Again, the reader needs to provide the creativity and imagination, but the process is outlined quite clearly.Blurb.com is built to help you find inspiration in your own creativity.5. Get publishedThis one is probably the most obvious. The main goal of the site is to provide a place for creators to self-publish their own projects. As mentioned, the site breaks down each step- design, printing, and selling- or their cu stomers. Blurb makes the process seem easy and simple. If your goal is to publish, Blurb provides a number of guides and tips to making that happen. They provide information on choosing between printing on demand or making a large order. Throughout the whole blog there are a number of suggestions and advice on all aspects of publishing your work, whether it is the next great novel or a photobook for grandma.Final takeawaysAs a writer, I appreciate the efforts that Blurb has taken to provide a space where creators can publish, promote, and sell their work. Blurb provides worthwhile information and services that many people will want to use. The traditional publishing industry is brutal and not the best place for every person to go to when looking to distribute their own work. Blurb meets a need in our 21st century world where people, through social media and other platforms, are self-promoting themselves in ways never before thought of. To quote the site, Blurb is a self-publishing a nd marketing platform that unleashes the creative genius inside everyone. The site almost makes it seem too simple, but what it allows people to do is celebrate the hard work they have put into their creations.I suggest browsing the site and find some inspiration. But the next step must be for you to go out and create. Write, take a picture, paint, draw, dance, act, or do whatever moves you. Blurb is there to help you document and potentially sell your work, but you need to go and create. Find a place to work. I love coffee shops. I like the simple parade of people as they order their coffee or tea and move about their day. I also like quiet old libraries. The smell of books keeps me calm. But no matter where you create, the key is that you do it.

Free Essays on BMG

Dominance of handful of key players in the last century. This was because of following entry barriers in different decades. Till 1920’s:  · Patents to the oligopoly. Therefore no access to technological know-how.  · Industry in its embryonic stage. This implied slow growth because of o Buyer’s unfamiliarity with the industry product. Unless records were available machines were useless. o High prices due to lack of scale economies Early 30’s  · Depression hit industry. Therefore it was consolidation time though otherwise it would have been growth stage for the industry. 30’s and 40’s  · By now established firms had stronghold on production (scale economies), marketing and distribution. 50’s and 60’s  · industry reached shake-out stage. There was more supply than demand. â€Å"payola† was widespread to beat the supply. 70’s, 80’s and early 90’s  · This was maturity stage. established players had set up mature distribution network and promotional channels.  · Reconsolidation started happening. Thus the patents in embryonic stage and a depression in the otherwise growth stage of the industry gave the initial players enough time to reach scale economies and edge in marketing & distribution which they did not lose out on. Therefore only a handful of major record companies dominated the music industry. Change in structure and economics of music industry because of Internet: 1. Online sale of physical products: physical retailer falls out of picture and rest of the structure remains same. a. If website is owned by another company: i. Structure: distribution division supplies stock to website’s distributor who further supplies to the customers. ii. Economics: distribution and sales cost of record company will come down as supply is to be made to less no of physical locations. Though there is no retail expenses, there will be website settingup+operating expenses (very high and not fixed as intern... Free Essays on BMG Free Essays on BMG Dominance of handful of key players in the last century. This was because of following entry barriers in different decades. Till 1920’s:  · Patents to the oligopoly. Therefore no access to technological know-how.  · Industry in its embryonic stage. This implied slow growth because of o Buyer’s unfamiliarity with the industry product. Unless records were available machines were useless. o High prices due to lack of scale economies Early 30’s  · Depression hit industry. Therefore it was consolidation time though otherwise it would have been growth stage for the industry. 30’s and 40’s  · By now established firms had stronghold on production (scale economies), marketing and distribution. 50’s and 60’s  · industry reached shake-out stage. There was more supply than demand. â€Å"payola† was widespread to beat the supply. 70’s, 80’s and early 90’s  · This was maturity stage. established players had set up mature distribution network and promotional channels.  · Reconsolidation started happening. Thus the patents in embryonic stage and a depression in the otherwise growth stage of the industry gave the initial players enough time to reach scale economies and edge in marketing & distribution which they did not lose out on. Therefore only a handful of major record companies dominated the music industry. Change in structure and economics of music industry because of Internet: 1. Online sale of physical products: physical retailer falls out of picture and rest of the structure remains same. a. If website is owned by another company: i. Structure: distribution division supplies stock to website’s distributor who further supplies to the customers. ii. Economics: distribution and sales cost of record company will come down as supply is to be made to less no of physical locations. Though there is no retail expenses, there will be website settingup+operating expenses (very high and not fixed as intern...

Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Management - Case Study Example These issues include, Reed’s feeble attempts at coaching, Motivating older workers The potential influence of the performance evaluation system Fred’s resistance to change Fred’s unethical response to pressure Lack of trust or violation of the psychological contract Equity and procedural justice. One major issue in the case is Reed’s inability to lead Fred. Reed’s demonstrated a transactional leadership style behavior which is used by many salespersons. Dubinsky, Yammarino, Jolson, and Spanger (2001) argue that Sales managers generally employ transactional leadership behavior which can â€Å"induce adequate attitudinal and behavioral responses in employees, transformational leadership has found to engender even higher results† (Dubinsky et al., 2001, p. 17). Reed’s leadership style is evident from the fact that he finds out the job tasks for Fred ’s and then tells him how to execute his job and being more successful (Buller & Schuler, 2003; Dubinsky et al., 2001). An incident to confirm this point from the case is when Reed wanted to determine the volume to drug prescriber and he went through Fred’s computer files and then through a memo told Fred how to go about accomplishing the task. Reed was setting Fred’s goals for him wit hout his input and totally negating the fact that Fred had been working in sales with success for over 30 years before Reed became his supervisor. According to Bassett-jones and Lloyd, a study conducted to determine motivation influenced by the leader-member relationship, the study confirmed that about 80 percent of the respondents who had a positive attitude towards their manager dropped to 53 percent when they felt they were being monitored to close by their supervisor.   â€Å"Tight supervision correlated with a reluctance to contribute† (Bassett-Jones & Lloyd, 2005, p. 938). Coaching with continuous feedback is a form of performance management (Lee, 2005, p. 60). According to Allenbaugh (1983), the principal of coaching include, First coaching emphasis should be on the job and not on the person.

Combining Anomaly and Signature based Intrusion Detection Systems Essay

Combining Anomaly and Signature based Intrusion Detection Systems - Essay Example The researcher states that the Internet continues to modernize the world’s economy. It is apparently changing the way people live, study, work, participate, and devour. At the hub, of this rebellion is technology. Technology has moved from the "back office" to the leading edge. Namely, the interface between the customer and the organization has changed spectacularly. Increasingly, technology is shifting the organization’s associations with its customers from a "face-to-face" to a "screen-to-face" communication. The Internet is not an  innovation  that concerns only one or two sectors of the economy. Because it revolutionizes the way businesses should prudently  systematize  their activities and go to the market, the Internet affects all economic commotions. Organizations maintain data communication networks for paperless business operations along with enhanced communication. On the other hand, threats and vulnerabilities related to data communication networks ar e significantly increasing. Firewalls are not considered as the only solution because these intelligent viruses and malicious codes tend to pass through it. In order to enable advanced security measures, Intrusion Detections Systems are recommended for corporate networks. The types include network-based IDS, host-based IDS, and software-based IDS. These types are further categorized into signature-based IDS which is also referred as misuse detection, and Anomaly Detection. The functionality of ‘signature-based IDS’ is dependent on known signatures. The word ‘known’ is important because threats that are detecting so far are categorized as known threats and are called signatures. Signature-based IDS only detect threats similar to the defined available signatures and do not comply with any new threat. Whereas, Anomaly-based IDS detect unknown activities within the network and detect them as threats and vulnerabilities. These two IDS types comply with different types of methods, process, and various profiles that are discussed in the next part of this coursework. II. Signature-Based IDS The signature-based IDS analyze and identify specific patterns of attacks that are recognized by raw data that is in terms of byte sequences called strings, port number, protocol types etc. Likewise, apart from the normal operational pattern, signature-based IDS detects any activity that is unusual from previously defined patterns. Moreover, the patterns are monitored with strict control algorithms. The signatures are stored in a signature repository. The prime object of a ‘signature-based IDS’ is to search signatures in order to detect a threat or vulnerability that is similar to antivirus software that also detects viruses. The functionality of IDS is to detect attacks that are initiated directly towards the network. Moreover, IDS tries to identify as many events as possible and therefore generate logs.